Medical Terminology Essay

1. How can eliminating abbreviations reduce errors? Abbreviations are usually used for convenience, to save space and to avoid the trouble of spelling out the word fully. Abbreviations are used in medical records and in medical language. Though the usage of abbreviations do have some advantage and make the recording easy and faster, there are several difficulties that could be faced in using abbreviations in medical record. It makes it difficult for the medical professional to understand properly, takes longer to train medical personnel, and it delays proper patient care and often times it hinders patient care. So eliminating abbreviations can reduce and avoid to certain extent some of these difficulties. Spelling out the word will help understand the message properly and give the right kind of treatment or service as required. Proper communication becomes impossible when abbreviations are used sparingly in documentation. â€Å"When we rely on abbreviations in our business writing, we start a process of â€Å"inbreeding† that may prevent us from clearly communicating our thoughts to people outside our company, department, or discipline. Readers are intimidated when they see a bunch of abbreviations; rather than risk embarrassment by asking you what the abbreviations stand for, they’ll read without really comprehending your message (or will skip your document altogether). To make your writing clear, use abbreviations sparingly and explain every abbreviation you do use. Always define an abbreviation the first time you use it†. 2. Should written polices be developed for Abbreviation usage? If yes, what should the policies contain? If no explain. Yes, it is essential that written polices be developed for abbreviation usage. This will help in using the abbreviations properly and will avoid the consequent errors and difficulties in communication, especially in medical records and communication. In medical record keeping, already there are regulations in using abbreviations: â€Å"Each healthcare facility develops its won list of acceptable abbreviations (that can be used in documents produce in that facility) and a list of unacceptable or â€Å"do not use abbreviations†. In addition to that (JCACHO) has a list of abbreviations that should not be used because they cause errors. JCAHO’s National Safety Goal states that these   abbreviations must appear on a facility’s â€Å"do not use list†.2 So the written policies should contain a list of abbreviations that can be used and should not be used to avoid errors in medical as well as in all documents and communi- cation. â€Å"JCAHO also has addressed errors in interpretation of abbreviations commonly used in health records by publishing a prohibited abbreviation list. The abbreviations note on the list should not be found in the patient health care records of their accredited providers. providers†. 3. When are abbreviations acceptable? Who should use them and why? Abbreviations are acceptable in documents and communication. It is a method of communication In saving time, space and trouble in spelling out the full word. As such using abbreviation can help in solving certain time consuming communication. Medical and technical professionals are the main users of abbreviation. â€Å"Abbreviated terms—whether abbreviations, initialisms, acronyms or symbols—save time, space, and the needless repetitions. However, decisions about acceptable and appropriate abbreviations remain ambiguous in modern publishing. While few general rules apply, in most cases, writers need to be familiar with the rules and conventions recognized by specific Usage authorities.† â€Å"Only abbreviations and symbols approved by the organization should and/or medical staff rules and regulations should be used in the health record.†5 In an organization, the rules and regulations in using abbreviations should be written and maintained as a policy item and should be informed to all the staff, so that proper communication and accurate record keeping are possible by avoiding errors and confusion, at the same time saving much time and effort in searching for the right word and meaning of abbreviations use. â€Å"Organizations that create or use abbreviations often in their work should develop an abbreviation data base or glossary to ensure consistency. This data base will also serve as the basis for decisions about abbreviations among different disciples and organizations.† 4. According to the information in the online articles, do you think enough steps have been taken to reduce errors? Explain why you agree or disagree. No, not enough steps have been taken to reduce errors. In fact there is not much done so far to reduce errors occurring from the use of abbreviations. At present the use of abbreviations have increased tremendously due to the internet and internet based communication facilities. â€Å"Widespread use of electronic communication through mobile phones, and the internet during 1990’s allowed for a marked rise in colloquial abbreviation. This was due largely to increasing popularity of textual communication services such as instant-and text messaging. SMS for instance supports message†. In spite of such increased use of abbreviations, there is no proper step taken to avoid errors in modern methods of communication. Even in technical and medical profession there is need for improvement in streamlining the usage of abbreviations. Specific rules and regulation should be outlined for abbreviation usage in all fields so that the related errors and confusion in the usage of abbreviations can be reduced if not eliminated. REFERENCE: 1. Gary Black and Robert W Bly: The Elements of Business Writing, Macmillan Publishing Company, New York,1991, p. 116 2. Susan Turley: Medical Language, p. 26 3. Merida L Johns: Health Information Management Technology, AHIMA, Chicago, 2007, p. 93. 4. Philip Rubens: Science & Technical Writing, Routledge, New York, 2001, p. 125 5. Medida L Johns; Health information Management Technology, AHIMA, Chicago, 2007, p. 92 6. Philip Rubens: Science & Technical Writing, Routledge, New York, 2001, p. 126 7. Internet: Wikipedia, Abbreviation, p.2

The Contributions of Abigail Adams

Though quiet, sickly, and shy, Abigail Adams, the wife of second president John Adams, helped plant the seeds that eventually led to the concept of women ¹s rights and women ¹s equality with men. For a country which had been founded on the idea of independence for all, these concepts were still considered radical and even ridiculous. Abigail believed that a good education was just as necessary for girls as for boys. This was a departure from the prevailing feeling of teaching girls only the skills necessary for keeping a household running smoothly. She had a passion for reading history, theology, and political theory which she passed on to her children. For Abigail to have taken such a strong interest in her education was a brave stance for her time. Education was often viewed as a corrupting influence on a woman. She requested her husband John, who was a delegate to Congress and later a U.S. president, to draft into law a commitment to supporting education for women. John was in full agreement with Abigail ¹s views on this subject. Abigail made her strongest appeal for women ¹s rights in 1776, when John was in Philadelphia serving in Congress. As members drafted laws to guarantee the independence for which the colonist were fighting, Abigail wrote to John begging him to remember that women also needed to be given the right of independence. She sensed the struggles that were to come and understood the unfairness of making one group subject to the will of another. She supported her husband through every phase of his rise to power and fame. His dependency and reliance on her as his partner was apparent. He considered her advice and assistance as critical to his success as a president. Ultimately, Abigail brought about no immediate changes in the way women were treated. However, it would not be long before others followed her lead.

Atrocities on Women Essay

Everyday early in the morning after getting up from bed, as a matter of habit, I look for the local newspaper which the hawker uses to insert it in the door belt of my house. When I go through the paper, invariably I find one or more news on atrocities on women or outraging the modesty of women appearing either on the front page or on the following pages depending on seriousness of the happenings. Sometimes I tremble to think, how could these heinous incidents take place everyday when stringent laws are there to deal with these cases rigorously, National Commission for Women and Child Welfare and separate women police stations have been set up by the Govt. to provide protection to women in danger or distress? Unlike the past when women were confined to four walls and treated as slaves in the male dominant society, there has been radical change in the social order and the women have been given equal status in all walks of life over the passage of time. Today the women are more or less conscious of their rights and position in the society and most women are educated too. In spite of all this, the women, as it were, are subjected to undergo humiliations and torture of different dimensions at various stages of their lives. Then what is going wrong? Are the flaws lying with the society or the system or the women themselves? In fact, women are very often made the targets of attack for pleasure or fun or comfort or making of money or avoiding unnecessary burden right from the stage of embryo before birth till their old age. Before going to discuss on what could be the reasons and who are responsible for inflicting torture on women, it may not be out of place to take an account of different nature of atrocities and humiliations being done to women at various stages of their lives as the reports, very often, come to our notice through media. v Pregnant women are either persuaded or forced to undergo abortion if the babies in the womb are detected to be females through sonography, only to avoid bringing up of girl children and bear huge expenses for their arriage. v New born female children are brutally killed by parents or other members of the family and thrown as wastes if they could not be aborted before birth not only for rearing burdensome creatures but also for satisfying their caustic desire for having only the male children who will be the future bread earners and shall be the heirs to advance their family for future generations,. v Girl children in several parts of the country are not allowed to g o to school for study and they are engaged in household or field work. In many cases they are engaged as maid servants for earning money for the family or sold out as bonded labour to rich people. v Girl children are abducted and sold to the brokers for trading in the whore market. v School and college going girls are very often subjected to eave teasing, kidnapping, rape, rape and murder. v In many families daughters are not given equal treatment in upbringing as given to their sons. v Forceful child marriage of girl child and forgetting about her fate in father-in-law’s house is still existent in some parts of our country. If the marriage of a girl after attaining right age is arranged one, her misery follows when her parents fail to satisfy the demands of groom and his parents. All her visionary projects for building a lovely home get crushed and mingled with the dust as soon as she steps into her father-in-law’s house. She is treated like a foot ball and is subjected to painful humiliations and inhuman torture for dowry day in and day out. How helpless and destitute she feels in her father-in-law’s house where everybody including her husband go on torturing her mentally as well as physically until their dowry demands are not fulfilled? In many cases, the helpless poor girl either commits suicide or she is most cruelly murdered. v If a woman is divorced or estranged by the husband for any reason after marriage, her misery crosses all limits by making her life extremely unbearable. Not only her neighbourers, friends, relatives but also her parents in many cases never hesitate to cast slur on her and treat her as if an unwanted entity in the family/society. v If a woman is raped or kidnapped and then released, her living in the society becomes awful and everyone looks down upon her as if she has committed a grievous sin willfully. Working women, in most cases are subjected to sexual harassment at their respective working places and outside. v In nucleus families (Families comprising husband, wife and children only which are commonly seen these days) mostly the dominance of husbands is supreme where wives are not earning members and poor wives have no freedom to act according to their wishes. In cases, even if the wive s are earning members, the husbands hardly share the responsibility of managing the family and rearing of children. The wives are compelled to manage all household works including cooking of food even if their earning is equal to or more than their husbands. In most of the cases wives have to compromise for a peaceful family life and their dedication for the family is considered as an obligation to making an ideal family either as wives or as mothers. v Most widows in old age are an abandoned lot in spite of having their well placed sons simply because their daughters-in-law can’t bear their presence at home. Although the nature of atrocities on females as listed above is not conclusive, it is enough to indicate clearly the motive behind all these infamous deeds. Those may be (1) Fanatical belief of man of having a male child in stead of a girl child. (2) Insatiable greed for dowry and passion for leading a comfortable or luxurious life by utilizing women as the key gadgets to extract easy money from their parents. (3) Jealousy and hatred (4) Satisfaction of one’s sexual appetite growing out of passion for having illegal sex and infatuation. (5) Utilising women as precious commodity to breed money. 6) The last but not the least is the upholding the false vanity of male dominance by males on the strength of their masculine power. Now, if we go deep into the matter to discover who are the persons responsible for initiation of all these ghastly deeds, we may find, barring the cases of rape, sexual harassment and exercising superiority of men vainly upholding the male dominance, in oth er cases there must be either direct or indirect involvement of one or more women. This kind of abrupt landing on an observation may appear absurd, controversial and illogical but it is not far from reality. I think it is needless to elaborate on this question as the news come in daily that how women for their own advantage frame clandestine designs to inflict torture on other women who are not of their liking by craftily utilizing the masculine power of men and for that matter they never hesitate to instigate, persuade, entrap, coax, seduce or apply undue influence on men. Of the many news items coming out in the news papers everyday, one incident shocked me most and that was the dealings of a woman constable in a police station manned by women only. When a rape victim coming from a poor family approached the nearest women police station for help and wanted to lodge an FIR the woman constable of the police station in stead of extending help persuaded her to return home without creating a scene by lodging an FIR which would in no way go to help her on the contrary, it might make her life more miserable owing to spread of slander. This is only one of the live examples of lapses of the system in providing security to women in distress. One can imagine how many such cases might be happening everyday? Recently somewhere I read a news item that about 10-15% of the incidents of torture on women, injustice, humiliations done to women and outraging the modesty of women come to light whereas the rest happenings, however grievous they may be, are suppressed by the victims themselves out of fear or under pressure from other women of their relations who might be trying to cover up the incidents. For this matter I do not blame women in general but nobody comes forward to raise a voice against such injustice. In a complex society of ours where problems of leading a happy and peaceful life are multitude and highly sensitive being aggravated by poverty, unemployment and inadequate education, the atrocities on women can only be eradicated through mass awareness of women themselves. If all women develop a spirit of fellow feeling by placing themselves in the shoes of victims or aggrieved women and unite to protest or counter or fight or raise strong voice against all types of oppression, I think they can catalyze a novel metamorphosis in the society and curb atrocities on women to a great extent. If some progressive women come forward to form â€Å"Mahila Jagaran Manch† (MJM) and spread it through out the length and breadth of the country with a view to provide protection and help to women in distress I think the problem might subside. Unlike the National Commission for Women the MJM should grow voluntarily in every village and in every residential blocks in towns and cities through awareness campaign being conducted and monitored by some progressive benevolent ladies so that the women folk at large can master courage to come out to join MJM and face any turbulent situation confronting them boldly.

Play (Sophocles Antigone) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Play (Sophocles Antigone) - Essay Example This never comes too well for the elder son a factor that draws them into war. As a result of the war, the two sons die meaning that none wins the battle (Brian 1). Kingship is taken by their uncle who is biased over, the two sons substantiated, by his refusal, to bury the body of one son. This neglect leads to numerous consequences with the death his son, wife and the daughter in law. In my opinion, Creon appears to have been in support of the younger king, Eteocles. This is because he shows no intentions of burying the older son. He seems in support of the younger son being the king even though in the real sense, it is wrong for the young son to obtain kingship in the presence of the elder son. Creon talks about honoring the younger son even though in the real sense, he is the cause of the war between him and his older brother. Providing with such recognition has no basis provided these two sons did something wrong in engaging in the war. Creon has personal reasons for not burying Polyneices, and this is the same reason he prevents Antigone, and Ismene from burying Polyneices. Bearing these personal matters makes Creon show more concern to the Eteocles than to Polyneices. Creon wants to make the populaces believe that the elder son is on the wrong although this is not true in the real sense. Creon feels offended, by Antigone and Ismene offering, to bury their brother contrary to his directions. Creon feels insulted since the two go in front of Thebes, and try to bury their brother even after he has provided a final judgment concerning, the burial of Polyneices. Further to that, Ismene disobeys her and she is a woman a thing that makes Creon so angry that he decides to execute the two. In my view, the younger son would have surrendered kingship to the elder son as traditions assume instead of using force and influence to lead the populace in which one is not chosen by

Five themes of art and identifying and describing two examples of Research Paper

Five themes of art and identifying and describing two examples of works (from different centuries or cultures) - Research Paper Example i. Art of daily life Art and craft remains among the major practices carried by different cultures since time in memorial. Art is expressed through the objects, images and architecture created for daily use. According to Rauschenberg (1925 p. 51), these objects (material things) have meanings further outside the practical functions. A perfect example is the art of basketry which is perceived to be of great importance by the Pomo Indians. According to their legend, a Pomo ancestor stole the sun from gods in order to give light to dark earth; he used the basket to cover the sun high up. The Pomo basket depicts the universe which they used to move knowledge to human beings from gods in the beginning of the world. Another example is the Islamic art of the tile used in decoration of architectural surfaces. Though used by different cultures in the world, it particularly features the Islamic art. Tiles are mostly used to decorate the surfaces of a mosque, homes, schools, palaces and others. The tiles were therefore used to illustrate the interior design of a 19th century Iranian mosque. Different cultures can depict the art of life from different objects in which they use for everyday life. ii. Sacred realm Different people holding on different cultures have turned the universe into a sacred place of spirits. They communicate with spirits and develop faith that the spirits have answers to questions like the origin of the world, the beginning of life, the purpose of life and others. Through these beliefs, they have created different arts to enable them to develop the realism that allow them to communicate with the spirits. Different cultural believes have different images and objects for this purpose, they include the different cultural believes which are; Christians, Islamic, Indus and others Rauschenberg (1925 p.53) Architectural works have been created with different shapes and designs to portray the setting of a place that can be used to conduct the rituals of pray ers and worship. A good example is the Great Mosque which is an Islamic place of worship in Cordoba, Spain. The interior hall used for prayers has immense horizontal space with a regular rhythm of virtual forest of arches. The light goes in by the doorways placed on perimeter of the hall, filtered through the many columns which create shadows that make the interior design grasp the worshippers. The alternation of the red and white colors into sections creates a distinction in the arch forms while the hanging oil lamp at the centre of worship creates more shadows. Another example that depicts realism in the Christian believes is the model of Mary mother of Christ sited calmly on the throne holding the gesture who is the child Christ on her hand. She is surrounded by angels to quest believers of paradise and in great serenely posture of a virgin symbolizing holiness. iii. Politics and social order Most important systems that human beings hold on are the societies. Most of the early so cieties believed that the order in the universe is directly related to the earthly order, for example in Egypt Pharaoh who was the king was seen as a link between God the earth. He was seen as a small god and a ruler whose job was to maintain order on earth. When he died, people believed that he joined the gods; they prepared many tombs for him a sign of honor. Most known are the three pyramids, which up to date still serve as inspiring structures. Its weight and extend is tremendous that reflect the power of Pharaohs to command immense forces, it also

Financial and Economic environment of South Africa Term Paper

Financial and Economic environment of South Africa - Term Paper Example They also have security and safety implications and have effects on the transfer payments. Most ideas, principles and legal concepts used in international transactions often find expression in the legislative acts and policies of nation states. Although many forces besides economic factors help shape world trade, it cannot be denied that the economic component of international relations is the most significant and that generally, a prosperous and stable international business environment. Aspects of returns and risks From the website www.cia.gov, it evident that there are a number of aspects that affect the countries return and risk on investment to a business, some of this include; Ratio analysis used to obtain the company’s financial performance in many key areas. The ratios include the liquidity ratios that point out the easiness of turning assets into cash and they include current ratio which measures the financial power, the quick ratio which concentrates mainly on liquid assets whose value is sure, and working capital which is more of cash flow measure than a ratio. The leverage ratio shows the degree to which the business is dependent on debt financing. The gross margin ratio is the proportion of sales dollar left following the subtraction from the net sales the cost of goods sold. The net profit margin ratio which is the proportion of sales dollars left after subtracting the cost of goods sold and every expense excluding income taxes. Inventory turnover ratio which discloses how well the inventory is being controlled. Accounts receivable turnover ratio which shows how well collection of accounts receivable is being done, if receivables are slow in being transferred to cash liquidity could be damaged (fxTrade, 6). The return on assets ratio which indicates how well profits are being created from the assets employed. The return on investment ratio which is the proportion of return on owner’s funds invested in the business, it also indicates whether the effort put into the business in worthwhile. Information technology is used to process and analyze accounting transaction. The input devices regularly linked with the accounting information systems comprise the typical personal computers or running applications workstations, running applications, devices for scanning, standardized data entry scanning devices, electronic data interchange for electronic communication devices and e-commerce. The basic processing is realized through computer systems variety from individual personal computers to large scale enterprise servers; however the fundamental processing model is the double entry accounting system (Pomeranz & Topik 82). The output content may include any type of financial reports from tax reports to budgets. The use of also management information system which offers human/machine interactive that supports decision making for users both out and in the organization boundaries. This system support daily operated activities of the organization, future and current tactical decisions, and on the complete strategic direction. The financial applications make up the management information system which commonly implemented modules include, the payables, general ledger, receivables, procumbent, inventory, projects, assets and

Having more mothers in the work force has changed the way many kids Essay

Having more mothers in the work force has changed the way many kids grow up - Essay Example Women participation incivic development could be primary reason for the decline of race. Child care living at home coincides withengagement in the social downturn and it becomes enigma to create balance between children brought up and social trend at workplace.More mothers in workplace drags lots of effects on children. For instance Mother absence at home attracts pre adolescents towards TV, and other discretionary activities i.e. playing, hobbies, clubs, outdoor activities, informal visiting eating unhealthy foods and just hanging out. Consequently heavy television watching and eating unhealthy food in the absence of mother increases aggressiveness, in turn reduces school achievement which is statistically associated with psychosocial malfunctioning. Such effects are enough to destroy child mother bond.Lots of deficiencies remain unattended in the personality of child at the time when they needs the proper brought up (Martha, 1994). For example if Asian mothers try to overcome such problems, the first step mothers take for entering in work field is they give children responsibility to their grandparents. As grandparents are no longer busier and need to have some activity for their rest of life. No doubt children bring lots of happiness and joy into their lives. Grandparents try to meet all requirements of their grandchildren, fulfill their needs, run behind them, and protect them from harm. But when children make mistakes they punish and grudge on them. Children’s growing up in such circumstances becomes very naughty, mischievous and self-centered. The second option is fathers take care of their children but such great husbands who support their wives career are rare. There is great difference between mother and father patience. Father can’t do all the jobs as mother also fathers get annoyed at little mistakes and snub the children the way mother never did. The children get fear of father and try to hide their feelings and problems in front

Summarize the Article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summarize the Article - Essay Example population. These results support the notion that those with exceptional longevity may interact with environmental and lifestyle factors differently than others. Lifestyle factors play a larger role in human lifespan than due to genetic factors. The presence of longevity genes in people with exceptional longevity counters the presence of disease-associated genes. To live long and to live a healthy life is the normal expectation of a human being. Two significant factors have been identified for the important role they play in longevity and they are lifestyle and genetic factors. The relative contributions of these two factors are a matter of conjecture. But the scale tilts more in favor of genetic contribution to a healthy life span in those with exceptional longevity may be greater than that in the general population and several genes have been found to be associated with longevity in these individuals. But in studies the lifestyle of this population has received less

US Role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

US Role - Essay Example When that was rejected, other presidents tried using diplomacy to settle the conflict like presidents W. Bush’s administration in the 1990s during the gulf war. The diplomacy path has enabled the United States gain confidence of the Arab nations and this facilitated the second camp David peace agreement that was also rejected. In the wake of September 11 terrorist attacks, the Bush administration started siding more with the Israeli because the Arab countries could not be trusted anymore. It also led to declaration of war on the terrorist groups which reside in the middle east and this put to an abrupt stop the peace talks and the mediation role of the United States. Even though this took place and is still taking place, the Obama administration has once again embarked on the peace talks for the sake of the energy products in the middle east. President Obama has constantly been advocating for peace in those Arab countries that are in conflict and once again has gained the trust of the Arab countries and the results of the peace talks are yet to be seen (Simon 2009). United States government has its reasons for seeking peace in the Arab countries. The Middle East is endowed with oil that is an essential commodity in the world and also has other minerals that are interest to the American government. The mediation by the US is a faà §ade so that their reputation as the superpowers and being more in control of the world than the Soviet Union is not questioned or even threatened (Mahler and Mahler 2010). In reality, war in the Arab countries benefits the United States by them pretending to side with no one and hence gaining the support of all the fighting parties and thus continuing to gain the oil and minerals without struggle. If the conflict between the Arab and Israeli ends without the face and hands of US being seen in the peace talks and

Cross Cultural Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Cross Cultural Management - Essay Example The main religions in China are Buddhism, Islam, Taoism, and Christianity. Buddhism is the most dominant. There are seven major languages used in China, with Mandarin being used by majority of the population. Hans Chinese is the biggest ethnic group. The rest include Zhuang, Hui, Manchu, Uighur, Miao, Tibetan, Yi, among others. The major industries in China include power (nuclear, hydro, and thermal) and manufacturing and automobiles industries. Cross Cultural Theorists Geert Hofstede Geert Hofstede proposed that people differ in terms of several dimensions which include power, masculinity, collectivism, orientation, uncertainty avoidance, and indulgence. The first dimension is power distance. Power distance refers to the degree to which the subordinates in institutions and organizations accept the fact that power distribution is unequal. In cultures where low power distance is approved, consultative power relations are expected. People in the organization relate as equals. Subordina tes participate in decision making and can criticize their bosses. However, in countries with a high power distance, the subordinates accept dictatorial power relations (Hofstede 1980). The dimension of individualism versus collectivism is concerned with the extent of consolidation of individuals into groups. Countries that are individualistic emphasize on individual rights and personal accomplishments. Individuals are expected to act on their own to defend themselves and their families. Nations that promote collectivism act as a team. The dimension of uncertainty avoidance versus tolerance refers to the degree of reducing uncertainty in order to manage anxiety. Individuals in societies with high uncertainty avoidance try to prevent anxiety by strictly following the rules and regulations. Individuals in cultures with low uncertainty avoidance have few rules and prefer unstructured and dynamic settings. These individuals accept changes and are more logical (Hofstede 1993). The mascul inity versus femininity dimension is concerned with the differences in gender roles. Individuals in masculine societies tend to emphasize on power, competitiveness, ambition, materialism and assertiveness. Feminine-oriented societies emphasize on quality of life and relationships. Societies that emphasize on long-term orientation focus on the future. They promote values such as saving, adaptation and persistence, which will bring future rewards. On the other hand, societies that are short-term oriented promote values concerned with the present and the past. Such values include preserving traditions, stability, and reciprocation. Another dimension is indulgence versus restraint. Highly indulgent societies give people the freedom to satisfy their desires and needs. However, societies that emphasize on restraint regulate and suppress the satisfaction of peoples’ desires and needs and are characterized by strict rules (Hofstede 1993). Fons

Positive and Negative Aspects of Adult Education Essay

Positive and Negative Aspects of Adult Education - Essay Example Therefore, they are now focused on acquiring education and on making themselves compatible to the progressing environment. Governments of various countries like America, Hong Kong, UK have always encouraged older people to have education so that they match and compete with younger students. This prospect has made them independent, knowledgeable and modern literates. Adult students have gained back their lost confidence, importance and strength and are now ready to accept new challenges coming ahead. Many companies prefer to employ adults rather than having youngsters due to more experience and capabilities. For instance, a company would prefer to have a 40-year old manager rather than having a 28 year old youngster with higher education for the same post. In other words, adults are much more comfortable with resolving problems and they manage to do so easily. Institutions, where both young and adult students are enrolled, have a very strong inter-generational relationship. Exchange of ideas, flow of knowledge and wisdom, interpersonal communication and reduced differences in mental level can be well-observed in such institutions. Generation gap has been overcome to a large extent. In short, older adult students have seen to be more socially responsible than the younger ones. Besides having a positive effect on the lives of peopl

Organized Crime Essay Example for Free

Organized Crime Essay The times are definitely changing. As civilization progresses, human way of living also improves. Sadly, even the negative entities have progressed executing their evil ways; crime has come from petty to being organized. Of course, there are still those who commit crime in their own little ways, so to speak. But the world is now faced with international crime syndicates who operate or influence various institutions, government most especially, and which are harder to combat. There are different definitions for organized crime offered by different individuals or organizations. I have thought of organized crime as being operated by a group having some formal structure which aims to gain profit through illegal activities. Most organized crime syndicates use or threat to use violence, and influence government officials, with some even managing to become one, to control illegal economic sector or jurisdiction. Most of the time, organized crime hide beneath legal operations but gain more on their illegal operations, which includes, but not limited to, drug trafficking, prostitution, illegal gambling and human trafficking. Combating organized crime takes a lot more effort than with the petty everyday crime because of their manipulation of government officials. Some organized crime syndicates may also have the support of unwitting citizen, who are being deceived through the syndicate’s socially accepted operation. Organized crime is mainly different from other criminal groups in that while some groups are motivated by political ideals or religious beliefs, organized crime syndicates operate almost exclusively for profit. They enter the political arena to gain protection for their illegal activities and may raise a new cult to control and manipulate their jurisdiction. Just like any formal organizations, organized crime group have their own hierarchical structure; and just like any crime group, organized crime syndicates would readily resort to violence. There are specialized members doing specific jobs for their illegal operation, which as already specified, may include public officials to protect their business. Usually, higher rank members take care of business. Managing the business, finding new market, business negotiations, all tasks that are essential to the survival of a business just as if it were an ordinary legal business enterprise are some of the specifications of higher rank members. They may also be the ones who have connections within the government, or are government officials themselves. Lower rank members are the ones specified to perform the â€Å"dirty† jobs: murder, arson, or threatening those who oppose or which are dangerous to the group’s illegal operations. Organized crime syndicates also abhor other groups with the same operation. Operating chiefly for profit, they try to eliminate the competition as much as possible. Less competition means greater profit. Organized crime need not worry about losing business as they can always find patrons for the goods and services they render. In other words, organized crime businesses are always in demand. The text defines organized crime as a group of â€Å"three or more persons, with hierarchical links or personal relationships, which permit their leaders to earn profits or control territories or makets, internal or foreign, by means of violence, intimidation or corruption, both in furtherance of criminal activity and to infiltrate the legitimate industry. Reading the text have offered new insights about organized crime but has not changed my perception, which were basically identical. In sum, an organized crime, as the term implies, is a group with a formal structure, just as any organization, that operates with specialized rules and regulations (organized) incorporating various illegal activities (crime) for the purpose of profit.

Use of Films for ESOL Learners

Use of Films for ESOL Learners CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter presents background of the study, statement of the problem, purpose of the study, significance of the study, scope and limitation of the research, and definition of key terms. Background of The Study Writing is a complicated skill, writing is a skill that the language teacher must teach to their students. And also it is very important because writing van give the student chance to show or express their personalities, and to mastery and to develop the English ability (Scot and Ytreberg,1992). In addition, because of writing, the learners learn to communicate with other people in order they will understand each other, or to read the message and they need to write it. (Raimes, 1983). That its why writing will give benefit for students if they mastered this writing. Writing is not skill where the students get easily and naturaly. It means, English as Foreign Language learners are not taught how to write a good narrative story in English language. However, to teach writing not only about grammar, the mechanics of the alphabet or the spelling, but also the learners need to see the ideas or concepts in English language. Lack of vocabulary is also the problem when the teacher ask students to write. The students look confused and asking their friend about what is the English language for some words. High school students are asked to write simple and short sentences, messages, short announcements, and also to write narrative, and other type of paragraphs (Depdiknas, 2006). In the statement above, the teaching of writing at high school is a simple one. However, writing is productive skills besides speaking, but still look complicated skill for SMA students to master. It is a complex activity that need a variety of skills. Due to that condition, the researcher tries to find out a kind of technique that can help students write sentences or a simple paragraph and encourage them in the writing activity. The researcher assumes that one of the good ways of teaching writing is by using media. Instructional media is important in teaching and learning processes in order the students can enhance and promote learning and support the teacher’s instruction. The use of media needs to be planned carefully. There are so many kinds of media that can be used in the teaching writing process. One of them is short movie. Short movie can be the basis of the most difficult side: motivate students to write. Short movie as the media are very useful for teaching English writing, especially to attract and giving the anxiety to the students’ attention and to deliver the information. So, in teaching writing, the teacher can use short movie to motivate the students to write, to help, to stimulate and to guide students to write a narrative paragraph. In this research, the researcher tries to implement the using of movie strategy into the teaching of narrative paragraph. A narrative paragraph is a paragraph that retells events happening in the past. It focuses on individual participants, uses correct grammar: past tense, focuses on a sequence of events, and it uses action clauses. To make a good narrative paragraph, it would be better if the teachers use short movie to make the learning process clear and make students understand, and the students will arrange the sentences in a good chronological order. The researcher believes that picture series is applicable for the students in SMAN I MANYAR GRESIK because it may guide, help, motivate and encourage the students to express and show their ideas, opinions, and thoughts onto paper. 1.2 Statement of The Problem The research problem in this research is in a question form: â€Å"How can 11th grade of SMAN I MANYAR students’ ability in writing narrative paragraphs be improved by using short movie?† 1.3 Purpose of The Study According to the problem above this research is to describe how the 11th grade students ability in writing narrative paragraph at SMAN 1 MANYAR can be improved by using short movie. 1.4 Significance of The Study The findings of this research can be useful for the teacher and other researchers. For the teachers, the finding of this study can give the alternative way or technique in teaching writing narrative texts. 1.5 Scope and Limitation of The Study The research is focused on the teaching and learning process by involving the 11th grade students of SMAN I MANYAR GRESIK in short movie to improve their writing ability in narrative texts. The improvement is focused on four components: organization, vocabulary, grammar, and mechanic. Those components are analyzed using analytic scoring rubric for writing. 1.6 Definition of Key Terms In order to avoid misunderstanding, the researcher defines several important terms in this proposal: Short movie is a movie that has a short duration about 15-20 minutes length. Narrative is a piece of text which tells a story and has generic structure begins from orientation, complications, and resolution. Writing ability is a way that needs skill of communicating a message to a reader to express idea, thoughts and feelings. Improve is make something to be better. From low to high. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter aims to provide a review of the literature related to the teaching of English in Indonesia, the problem of writing, the previous research and the media. 2.1 The Teaching of English in Indonesia English is the international language which is used in communication, or an activity every time. Mastering English is getting important. In Indonesia, English is a compulsory subject. But it seems that the teaching of English as a Foreign Language is not to lead the students to be able to communicate, but only to prepare the students to pass the national examination (Kam Wong, 2004:181). But nowadays, many teachers and learners realize if learning English is not only the skill that we need to pass the exams, but also for communication. Saukah (2000) states that the purpose of teaching English as a foreign language in Indonesia is that the learners will master to use English for communication; in written or oral language. The ability to communicate is the way how we are able to understand and show to express something. Writing is one of four language skills which has important role in teaching English as a Foreign Language. Brown (2001), writing is simple as putting the ideas or concepts into paper. Compared to speaking, writing is more difficult because writing has the typical characteristics of language that are more complex than those of spoken language such as the degree of formality. Naturally, the process of writing needs the different set of competencies and skills which not every writer has. As beginners, Senior High School students, of course, cannot be expected to master and apply all those writing skills. The students still have a lot of problems in expressing their ideas in writing form. The curriculum expects students to be able to write simple message and simple paragraph at Junior High School. This expectation has not been achieved yet because the students still find it difficult to express and show their ideas in the written language especially in English. This statement based on fact that most of the students’ paper cannot be understood well because there are so many errors. 2.2 Previous Research Research on using short movie strategy has been conducted by some researchers. Sumarsih (2006) did a study using short movie to teach English at the XI IPA-1 students of SMA Negeri 8 Medan. The study showed that the first score of the students’ test was 42,5 for the total improvement from the first competency test to the third competency test was 68,75%. The conclusion is that the student achievement was improved by using the media such as short movie. So the points that we can conclude from using short movie strategy in teaching writing are (1) stimulates the students to be active in English classes during the activity, (2) activates the four language skills (speaking, listening, readning and writing at the same time), (3) produces a fun English class as the best way to learn English, (4) increase students’ achievement. Media for Teaching Writing Listiyaningsih (2002), to facilitate the teaching and learning process, several kinds of media can be used as useful means of teaching in interesting ways. In fact, teaching and learning activities are communication processes. So, using media in teaching writing are good to encourage and stimulate the students to be actively involved during the teaching and learning processes. The media are: Short Movie Sound speaker Proyektor CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY This chapter contains the description of the research methodology. It includes research design, population and sample, subject and setting, data collection, and data analysis. 3.1 Research Design In this study, the researcher uses Classroom Action Research because the researcher wants to improve the students writing skill. The researcher uses short movie as instructional media to improve the students writing skill. It will be brought by the researcher as a new teaching technique in the class. Particularly, the aim of this study is to find a new strategy or technique in learning English writing which can help the teacher to solve classroom problems. The researcher implemented the CAR by Kemmis and Mac Taggart (1998). There are four phase or steps in this action research: (1) planning an action, (2) implementing an action, (3) observing and (4) reflecting. 3.2 Population and Sample The population of the study consisted of 360 students ; 124 male students and 236 female students in SMAN 1 MANYAR Gresik 11th grade . The sample of this study consisted of 36 students of class XI IPS 2: 16 male students and 20 female students, which chosen by cluster sampling at SMAN 1 MANYAR Gresik 11th grade . 3.2.1 Subject and Setting This research was conducted at SMAN 1 MANYAR Gresik 11th grade.. This school had thirty (30) classes and each level had ten (10) classes. The subjects of this study were class XI IPS 2, at the academic year 2013/2014. The class consists of thirty six (36) students. The reason why the researcher chose this class because this class had the most problems in writing. 3.3 Data Collection 3.3.1 Intrument The instrument of this research; First, document collection was conducted by collecting students’ papers at the end of the steps to be evaluated. The data that researcher test are two data in cycle 1 and cycle 2. Both of the cycle are test which will have different movie that will be showed to the students. And the papers the students submitted not just the result of narrative paragraph, but also all their drafting in order to evaluate their progress when they write before. Second, field notes were used as instruments to know what was happened such as the condition and the setting of the class, the atmosphere of the classroom and the other unexpected things that happened. Third, interviews were conducted in two types; at the beginning of the study in order to gather data about the students’ problems in writing and at the end of to find out the students’ understanding the implementation of the narrative paragraph using short movie strategy. Finally, questionnaires was applied at the end of the cycle to know about the students’ responses and attitude in the implementation of the approach. 3.3.2 The Procedure of Collecting Data The researcher did the steps proposed by Kemmis and Mc Taggart (1998) as illustrated below; The researcher explains the research procedures start from preliminary study and research implementation; including planning, implementation, observation, and reflection which is appropriate with the illustration above. Planning: The teacher plans about the lesson plan, materials, media, the instruments. Implementation: In this part, the teaching and learning processes are carried out by the researcher, helped by a collaborator or teacher to observe the students’ progress during the process of learning. Observation : the process of recording and gathering all of the data during the teaching and learning processes. Reflection: the researcher and the collaborative teacher are discussed the result of the implementation if it is success or not. 3.4 Data Analysis In evaluating the students’ writing scores and results, the researcher uses analytic scoring rubric whose components of writing are scored partly and separately based on the composition such as; content, language use, and mechanic. The researcher wants the students will has minimum target score at least 60. Table 1. Scoring Rubric of Evaluating the Students’Writing Products Components of Writing Level Scale and Descriptor Content: Vocabulary Chronological order 4 The content is relevant to the topic and easy to understand. 3 The content is almost complete, relevant to the topic. 2 The content is relevant to the topic but is not quite easy to understand. 1 The content is not quite relevant to the topic. Language use: Use Past Tense 4 No grammatical inaccuracies 3 Some grammatical inaccuracies 2 Several grammatical inaccuracy 1 Frequent grammatical inaccuracies Mechanics: Spelling Punctuation Capitalization 4 It uses correct spelling, good punctuation, and capitalization 3 It has occasional errors of spelling, mistaken punctuation, and capitalization 2 It has frequent errors of spelling, punctuation, and capitalization 1 It has no mastery of convention – dominated by errors of spelling, punctuation, and capitalization Adapted from J.B. Heaton (1990:111) with some modification. From the scoring rubric of writing narrative in table 1, the maximum score is 12 (3 x 4) and the minimum is 3 (3 x 1). So, to identify the final score of the students’ achievement in writing narrative is based on the following scores category in the table. And the scoring is: Data Display There are four kinds of data that collected in this research and most of them were in the form of qualitative data. They were collected from document collection, field notes, interviews, and questionnaires. 1

Arab and Jewish Conflict Causes

Arab and Jewish Conflict Causes ABSTRACT The clash between Palestinian Arabs and Jews started around the turn of the twentieth century. Despite the fact that these two gatherings have distinctive religions (Palestinians incorporate Muslims, Christians and Druze), religious contrasts are not the reason for the clash. It is basically a battle over area. Until 1948, the region that both gatherings guaranteed was referred to globally as Palestine. Yet after the war of 1948-49, this area was partitioned into three sections: the state of Israel, the West Bank (of the Jordan River) and the Gaza Strip (1). Jewishs claims to this area are focused around the scriptural guarantee to Abraham and his relatives, on the way that this was the chronicled site of the Jewish kingdom of Israel (which was decimated by the Roman Empire), and on Jews requirement for a sanctuary from European hostile to Semitism (2). Palestinian Arabs claims to the area are focused around nonstop habitation in the nation for several years and the way that they spo ke to the demographic dominant part. It depicts the â€Å"clash of civilizations† theory between the East which is still hanging to its historical inheritance and patrimony, and the West which uses its technological and scientific achievements to prove supremacy and legitimacy of spreading his values. Religiously, Jewish Islamic relations have historical roots, which stimulated several religious interpretations, later enhanced by ultra-Orthodox Zionist and Islamic extremists. In this project, I will try to evaluate the role of religion, nationalism and other forces which have triggered the conflict and look at the two prospective of this conflict. Tracing the history of the conflict In the late 19th Century, Jews and Palestinians both began to create a national cognizance and prepared to attain national objectives. Since Jews were spread over the world, the Jewish national development, or Zionist pattern, looked to distinguish a spot where Jews could meet up through the procedure of migration and settlement. In 1897, the first Zionist congress took place at Basle. Its aim was to discuss the ideas of Theodor Herzls 1896 book Der Judenstaat. Later, Basle program was established which supposed to establish a home for the Jews in Palestine Until the start of the twentieth century, most Jews living in Palestine were living in four urban communities with religious hugeness: Jerusalem, Safed, Tiberias and Hebron. The greater part of them watched conventional, standard religious practices. Numerous invested their time considering religious messages and relied on upon the philanthropy of world Jewry for survival. Their connection to the area was religious not national, and they were not included in the Zionist development that started in Europe and were brought to Palestine by migration. Till the start of World War I, Jew population had risen to 60,000. In 1916 the British Commissioner in Egypt, Sir Henry McMahon, had guaranteed the Arabs post-war autonomy for previous Ottoman Arab regions. On the other hand, Sykes-Picot Agreement Britain and France isolated the district under their joint control. In 1917, the British Foreign Minister Arthur Balfour conferred Britain to help the foundation in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish individuals, in a letter to leading Zionist Lord Rothschild. It got to be known as the Balfour Declaration. Arabs were incensed by Britains inability to satisfy its guarantee to make an autonomous Arab state, and numerous restricted British and French controls as an infringement of Arabs entitlement to determination toward oneself. In Palestine, the circumstances were more convoluted due to the British guarantee to backing the formation of a Jewish national home. The increasing European Jewish migration and settlement in Palestine created expanding safety by Palestinian laborers, writers and political figures. They expected that the increase of Jews would lead inevitably to the stronghold of a Jewish state in Palestine. Palestinian Arabs were against the British Mandate in light of the fact that it foiled their aspirations for their rule, and they restricted huge Jewish movement on the grounds that it undermined their position in the nation. In the next 15 years, there was huge influx of Jewish population and around 1 million Jews were living in Palestine in 1936. During this time militant Zionist group Irgun Zvai Leumi carried many attacks on the Palestinian to liberate Palestine and Transjordan using force. In 1937, Lord Peel recommended partitioning of Palestine into Jewish state and Arab state. However it received huge opposition from the Arab representatives. In 1947, Britain which was ruling Palestine since 1920, handed over the matter to United Nations (UN). UN setup a committee which recommended splitting the nation into two parts, Jewish and Arab nations. The plan gave 56.57% land to the one-third of the population of Jews and 43.43% land to the two-third population of Muslims. On 29th November, 1947, 33 members voted for the plan, 13 voted against it and 10 abstained from voting process. However this plan was refused by the Arab representatives. On 14th May 1948, the first Jewish state, State of Israel was proclaimed. The declaration came into effect the next day as the British troops withdrew Soon after the independence, five Arab states attacked Israel including, Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Iraq and Palestine. However due to better military organization and skills, Israel was able to ward off the attack successfully. In 1949, the war between Israel and the Arab states finished with the consent to peace negotiation arrangements. The nation once known as Palestine was currently isolated into three sections, each under an alternate political administration. The limits between them were the 1949 armistice lines (the Green Line). The State of Israel incorporated in excess of 77 percent of the domain. Jordan occupied East Jerusalem and the hill county of the West Bank. Egypt took control of the seaside plain around the city of Gaza (the Gaza Strip). However the tension didn’t finish here. In 1967, The Six Day War took place as a result of mounting tension between the Arab state and Israel. Israel seized Gaza and the Sinai from Egypt in the south and the Golan Heights from Syria in the north. It pushed Jordanian out of the West Bank and East Jerusalem. It also increased the area under Israel’s control as it increased to two times it had previously. Another war took place in 1973, known as the Yom Kippur war. It caused a lot of casualty on both sides and USA and USSR had to intervene to bring the ceasefire agreement. 1970’s saw the rise of Yasser Arafat who led PLO and carried out many attacks, most notably the Munich Olympics in which 11 Israeli athletes were killed. However during the same period, a right wing emerged in Israel which joined hands with Egypt as the Egypt president Anwar Sadat came to Israel in 1977. Israel also returned the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt that it had seized in 1967 war. In 1983, massacre of hundreds of Palestine refugees by Phalangist, ally of Israelis, was a great shame for the Israeli government. Ariel Sharon, the then defense minister had to resign from his post as inquiry proved that he was unable to avert the massacre. This massacre resulted in Palestinian intifada which started in 1987 against Israeli occupation of land. However a ray of peace was appeared in 1993 when Rabin and Yasser Arafatshook hand at the White house. Since then, various attempts to maintain peace have been made but they have proven to be futile as the extremists have tried to disrupt the peace. In recent occurring, unusually horrific murders of four young men in Hebron and Jerusalem strained the realtion between Israel and Palestine, after which Israel responded violently and bombing in gaza which resulted in deaths of many innocent lives. Concluding with the background of the conflict, the main reason for the conflict appears to be the control over land. However, the conflict over land is not because of controlling the resources or its uses but the religious importance that it carries for both the sects, Jews and Muslims. RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM Religious nationalism as talk and social development is regularly seen as an occurrence of societys self-governance as a wellspring of personality and evaluate, a self-governance showed in the shaping of politicized religious gatherings. It is a slip-up to start an examination of religious nationalism through the social gatherings forming it. From this perspective, religious nationalism turns into a development to safeguard a specific type of gathering character, contrast considered as traits of persons, much the same as that of racial, sexual orientation, sexual or etymological gatherings who dispatch developments to attest or guard their disposition before or from the general publics predominant gathering, here an instrument by which religious individuals secure participation in the political group or distinguishment in people in general circle. Religious nationalism could be seen as one among the panoply of the obviously new social developments, guarding way of life instead of seeking after investment, a substitute or a stand-in for the redistributive material governmental issues of class. Alternately it might be seen as a social refraction, or intercession, of underlying social grievances. These castings of politicized religion are both prefaced on recognizing the social as an instrumental distributional arrangement of things from the social as an expressive arrangement of signs, on understanding the economy as a material institutional request, the paragon of the social, while common society is a typical institutional request, the paragon of the social. Religious nationalism has no political-monetary import; it is an end in itself. Religious nationalism is both social and social. Religious nationalisms are vivified by a family show; they all middle their savage energies on the family, its sensual energies, its gendered request. This is on the grounds that the institutional rationale of religion fixates on the request of creation, finding human- ness in the universe, duplicating cosmology through custom, a reasonable mysticism that fundamentally focuses before life and after death. To decipher religious nationalism, we must tag the significance of nationalism. Nationalism is a state-focused type of aggregate subject development, a manifestation of state representation, one establishing the personality and authenticity of the state in a populace of people who occupy a domain limited by that state. The social shared traits of that populace dont, in themselves, constitute the premise for the creation of a country. Nationality is an unexpected and challenged case, not a social certainty (Brubaker 2000, Smith 1991). Nationalism, the political courses of action composed through the state for the sake of the country, makes the country, not the opposite (Calhoun 1998). Nationalism is a system for the co-constitution of the state and the regionally limited populace in whose name it talks. Nationalism is not philosophy. It is a digressive practice by which the regional personality of a state and the social character of the individuals whose aggregate representation it cl aims are constituted as a solitary institutional reality. Religious nationalism does not change the type of aggregate representation, just its substance, privileging a premise of personality and a paradigm of judgment which cant not be picked. The religious foundation of judgment is, similar to human rights, racial immaculateness, or specialized levelheadedness, past the span of prominent voice or the convincing diversions of the state Religious nationalist constantly focus their energies on the country states in which they live. Indeed activist Islamicists, who have a memorable transnational regional ambit, to be sure a general perfect, and the air conditioner tual custom of the caliphate whereupon to draw, just about all try to make an Islamic request inside the existent country state. In the event that nationalism does not give a determinate premise of aggregate personality, not one or the other do specific manifestations of religion give a determinate premise of legislative issues. Religious nationalism is a type of politicized religion, one in which religion is the premise of political judgment and character, for sure in which governmental issues tackle the nature of a religious commitment. Religious nationalist all read religious messages politically. While it is positively printed, religious nationalism is not inalienably more literalist in its application of its holy messages, nor more absolutist in its ontologies and good objectives, that is, than its common equivalents-communism, majority rule government, nationalism, and modem science, to take four illustrations each of which deliver their own particular hallowed writings, their sacred qualities. To talk about religions section into the general population circle essentially as a manifestation of fundamenta lism is to redirect consideration from the social specificity of its institutional duties. Each religious group, not simply politicized ones, makes specific utilization of their literary custom, tailor their elucidations to the current workload. It is impractical to recognize politicized religious developments from non-politicized ones focused around the degree to which they take after the basics, themselves simply a specific development. The religious distinction between endeavors by Hindus or Jews to control specific bits of challenged region and comparable endeavors by Muslims or American Christians, who are incorporated in the fundamentalist classification, to control the domains they as of now possess escapes me. Both of these fundamentalists look to utilize state force to control components of regional choreography-work hours, film, sustenance consumption, dress-basing their rights to do so in religious cosmology. Religious nationalism represents the return to text, to the fixity of signs, the renarrativization of the nation in a cosmic context. It returns us to bodies and souls, a zone to be defended against things on the one side and beasts on the other. Religious nationalism is literally about reading, the collective plumbing of a text for its timeless truths, as a basis for the narration of contemporary history. Islamic fundamentalists look to the Quranic history of the community founded by Prophet Muhammad in the seventh century as a template by which to gauge and goad the present order. Their Jewish counterparts locate their foundation and telos in the ancient Temple-centered kingdom that was the culmination of Gods territorial promise to Abraham, Moses, and David documented in the Torah. RELIGIOUS NATIONALISM IN ISRAEL Israel has a long history of consolidating religious advancements in its political structure; Jewish religious nationalists, ultraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ orthodox Jewish political improvements, and Islamists have all participated in choosing administrative issues to moving degrees. We focus on the effects of the joining of the religious nationalists for different accurate and methodological reasons (which we inspect underneath). Not in any way like ultraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ orthodox Jewry, which for the most part contemplated the Zionist reach out as strange, by the 1930s, the staggering strain inside religious Zionism saw the Zionist stretch out as having significant religious and messianic basics. In like manner, religious Zionism, while holding quick to the conviction that the spot where there is Israel was divinely ensured to the Jewish people, in the meantime favored the state of Israel as the Start of the Redemption and as the harbinger of the Messiah. It envisioned the state as the stage of Gods throne and favored its strongholds, especially the military. The blessedness of the state of Israel was seen as an ontological standard, withdrew from either the individual dedication of its inhabitants or the exercises of its pioneers. Thusly, when considering the probability of provincial concessions, it possessed with a modifying test between two religious targets the estimation of the region and the estimation of the state. In practical terms, this intimated that the relative moderates inside religious Zionism could help territorial concessions if these were seen to benefit the state of Israel. Without a doubt, headed by this wing of the advancement, the National Religious Party (NRP) did so when they underpinned Israels withdrawal from the Sinai Peninsula and Gaza Strip in 1957. While these religious loyalists are still hawkish diverged from the general Israeli masses, the way that they partake in this changing test makes them reasonably administer appeared differently in relation to the radical wing of Jewish religious patriotism. Reflecting the gift of the state likewise especially of the military, one of its pioneers battled that the people who participate in violence against state associations are debasing the name of religious Zionism. They are debasing the weave kippa [skullcap (a picture of religious Zionism)]. Whoever tosses stones at IDF (Israeli Defense Energy) troopers, judgments and wars against the state of Israel is not piece of religious Zionism. The Jewish Home Party adjusted a potential union with the National Union Party on the lates renouncement of any brutality against state establishments and of any affiliation that judgments and puts down the estimation of IDF officers and of the establishments of the state of Israel (the national tune of dedication, the picture of the state, the flag of the state, recognition additionally flexibility days, and the parliamentary and legitimate skeletons). The primary lesson from the knowledge of the Israeli religious patriot development is that the same fundamental instruments (intraà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ party rivalry and the outer political setting) that are expected to prompt balance by the IMH can likewise prompt radicalization, and that such radicalization can happen even in completely democratic contexts.

Essay --

Sigmund Freud is psychology’s most famous figure. He is also the most controversial and influential thinkers of the twentieth century. Freud’s work and theories helped to shape out views of childhood, memory, personality, sexuality, and therapy. Time Magazine referred to him as one of the most important thinkers of the last century. While his theories have been the subject of debate and controversy, his impact on culture, psychology, and therapy is cannot be denied. Freud was born in May 6, 1856 in the Czech Republic. He attended Spurling Gymnasium. At Spurling, he was first in his class and graduated Summa Cum Laude. After studying medicine at the University of Vienna, he gained respect while working as a physician. Freud and a friend were introduced to a case study that resulted in no cause, but they found that having the patient talk about her experiences had a calming effect on the symptoms. That was considered to be the beginning of the study of psychology. Throughout Freud’s time, he came up with many different theories. One of his theories was Life and Death Instincts. This theory evolved throughout his life and work. He believed that these drives were responsible for much of behavior. He eventually came to believe that these life instincts alone couldn’t explain all human behavior. Freud then determined that all instincts fall into one of 2 major classes: the life instincts or the death instincts. Life instincts deal with basic survival, reproduction, and pleasure. Death instincts are apparent after people experience a traumatic event and they often reenact the experience. In Freud’s view, self-destructive behavior is an expression of the energy that is created by the death instincts. Another one of Freud’s theories ... ...a person’s repressed emotions and experiences. It’s commonly used to treat anxiety disorders and depression. (McLeod) Freud also created a number of different works during his lifetime. These works include The Interpretation of Dreams, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, Totem and Taboo, Civilization and Its Discontents, and The Future is an Illusion. His personal favorite was The Interpretation of Dreams because he said that it contains the most valuable of all the discoveries it had been his good fortune to make. (Cherry) Personally, I believe that Sigmund Freud was a very in depth person. His theories seem to be very accurate and well thought out. Being one of the first people to study this subject, I feel like he set a really good example to other psychologists. He is very interesting to learn about and there is so much more that I don’t even know about him.

Bay Of Pigs :: American America History

Bay Of Pigs The story of the failed invasion of Cuba at the Bay of Pigs, which is located on the south coast of Cuba about 97 miles southeast of Havanna, was one of mismanagement, poor judgment, and stupidity ("Bay of Pigs" 378). The blame for the failed invasion falls directly on the CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) and a young president by the name of John F. Kennedy. The whole intention of the invasion was to assault communist Cuba and put an end to Fidel Castro. Ironically, thirty-nine years after the Bay of Pigs, Fidel Castro is still in power. First, it is necessary to look at why the invasion happened and then why it did not work. From the end of World War II until the mid-eighties, most Americans could agree that communism was the enemy. Communism wanted to destroy our way of life and corrupt the freest country in the world. Communism is an economic system in which one person or a group of people are in control. The main purpose of communism is to make the social and economic status of all individuals the same. It abolishes the inequalities in possession of property and distributes wealth equally to all. The main problem with this is that one person who is very wealthy can be stripped of most of his wealth so that another person can have more material goods and be his equal. The main reason for the Bay of Pigs attack on Cuba was the change to communism. On January 1, 1959, Cuban dictator Fulgencio Batista fled the country for the safety of the Dominican Republic (Goode, Stephen 75). Fidel Castro and his guerrilla warriors overthrew the old government dictated by Batista. During the next couple of weeks, Castro established a new government and on February 16, he was officially declared premier (Finkelstein, Norman H. 127). The United States accepted this new regime as a relief from the harsh, corrupt, and unpopular government of Batista. Soon after everything settled down, Castro and his men made a rapid move to change their political course. He announced his transformation to Marxism-Leninism and avowed his friendship with the Soviet Union (Goode, Stephen 75). These events upset the United States and there were concerns about Castro becoming too powerful. One reason was the friendship with the Soviet Union because Cuba was receiving armed forces to expan d and improve its army.

I Have Limitations :: Personal Narrative, Autobiographical Essay

I Have Limitations As I sat in the grass of Burke County's football field that fateful day in May, my brain was cluttered with questions and thoughts. I was busy making mental notes. Stay low, snap your trail leg, and run when you hit the ground, my mind nagged. Instinctively, I put on my running spikes, removed my warm-ups, and stretched my muscles. My concentration was interrupted as the speakers boomed, "Third and final call for all 100-meter low hurdles." In a blur I was on the starting line, staring down a horizon filled with hurdles. Beat them to the first hurdle with a quick start, and you have a chance to win. CRACK! The startling noise the gun made brought me back to reality. Clearing the first hurdle in perfect form, I ran with all my might. I lunged toward the finish line after I soared over the final hurdle. Looking ahead of me, I saw only one other runner. I had qualified for the regional finals! My coach's smile said everything I wanted to hear. Walking off the rubber track, my heart was at the same time both light and heavy. I was thrilled by my qualification, but I knew the next day would be horrid. Coach Gaddy firmly said, "You know what you have to do to advance." Finally, following what seemed like an eternity, Friday arrived. After dwelling on the race, I had butterflies the size of pelicans waiting for the opportunity to take me away. While running a warm-up lap, I realized I had let my tension get the best of me. My leg muscles felt like rocks. All you need to do is focus and put things in place. Just then, coach tapped me on the shoulder. He had been informed that I had the third fastest time in my heat, and I would be running in lane five. "Run the best race of your life, and you have a great chance at going to state," he said. I was relieved to know I only needed to recover one place to advance. My fears slowly and gently began to subside, and my confidence started to build. While I was engrossed in my wind sprints, I heard, "Second call, all 100-meter low hurdles.

Analysis of “The Oval Portrait” by Edgar Allen Poe Essay

â€Å"Art is a jealous mistress.† Ralph Waldo Emerson’s quote easily summarizes â€Å"The Oval Portrait,† written by Edgar Allen Poe. It is a chilling tale, describing the two different passions of a married couple. The husband, a painter, requests that the wife let him paint her portrait, and in obeying him, she meets her doom. As the painting matured, her health and spirits declined and yet she remained and, without objection, she continued to sit for him. His passions increase and after many weeks, as the painting nears completion, each stroke of the brush strips her of her beauty, and finally, upon the conclusion of the painting, it robs her of her life. This is a bewitching story of passion, murder, vampirism, and murder. Poe’s story is an uncanny analysis of two passions: art and romance. It is a given that the artist loves his wife, but he seems to share a much deeper bond with his art. It is unfortunate for the wife to have fallen in love with a painter who was â€Å"passionate, studious, austere and having already a bride in his art.† As she was young and happy, she seemed to have a love of all things, and yet she came to loathe his art and to despise his brushes and the other tools of his passion. All the way through the story, it is made very clear that art is not simply his occupation, but it becomes an actual woman who rivals with the wife for the painter’s affection. As the wife withers away, the portrait comes to life, thus the painter achieves any artist’s ultimate fantasy: the preservation of his true love and passion (whether it be the wife or the painting) against the total destruction of time. It is well known that the women in Poe’s time were banned from the public sphere and stripped of power and identity. Taking this into consideration, it is safe to say that the artist may have wanted her to die. Though the story never indicates it, the wife could have been very outspoken, and because of this, it is likely that the painter could be tremendously ashamed of her. The painter, knowing that she would do anything for him, could have asked her to be the model of his portrait. Then, he would be likely to take as long as he needed to paint this portrait of her. His only cover-up for her death would be that she loved him enough to sit that long, and he loved art enough to get that carried away with it. â€Å"Art itself is involved in the transfer of vitality; the process of creation is vampiric.† In Poe’s tale, it is evident that as the painting comes to life, the wife gets closer to death. The way that the inanimate portrait gains life from the living is comparable to vampirism. The vampire myth itself is an ideal paradigm for love that is too demanding, or art that is too life consuming. The artist in this story, who can be depicted as a vampire, seems to  have to kill in order to renew life. Throughout the entire life of the painting, the wife’s cheeks lose color and she grows weaker, so it would seem appropriate to say that he could be painting with her blood. The artist transfers the life essence of the wife into his painting of her; draining her with each sitting until she dies at the moment he completes his work. Poe investigates the nature of human relationships, including love and lust and develops his theme to observe the vampiric qualities inherent in the creative or artistic process. Therefore, Poe manages to subtly demonstrate that a vampire’s life depends upon the death of another. There is definitely a sense of mystery in this narrative. From what an audience can gather, no one else was in the room with the painter and his wife. Whoever wrote the history of the painting could not have known what happened to the wife, unless the painter himself wrote it. Anything could have occurred in that room. From what the reader can tell, it is a good possibility that the painter strangled his wife himself and painted her dead body. It is nearly impossible to tell what exactly happened. Poe also left the audience hanging at the end of the story. Nowhere in the final paragraph does Poe state or even infer that the painter had come to blame himself for his wife’s death. In fact, the tale ends precisely where the reader’s questions should have been answered and the conflict resolved. Some may like to believe that the painter was at least capable of grieving for his bride, but it is hopeless to even assume that there is a real answer. It is basically left up to the reader to make up his or her own mind about what happened afterwards. To put it briefly, â€Å"The Oval Portrait† is a very mysterious, dark, and creepy story. The life that the young painter takes from his wife illuminates the painting. But in the end, she bears the tragic consequences of her husband’s love for his art and her own love for him. Through this story it becomes obvious that love triangles are dangerous to life, as are vampires and society itself. This story is a prime example of the hazards of loving someone that already loves another.

Philosophy of Montessori Education Essay

Dr maria Montessori started her carry in the cranial orbit of precept and nipper psychology, when she had already obtained a doctors degree in medicine and surgery. Her scientific training and exist were exception eithery broad based and unique. Her accession to education encompassed the complete instruction of gentle motley from birth to adulthood. The most outstanding contribution of her report, in the present day, is the focussed maintenance on the fact that no take on to solve companionable and moral problems of the union go out succeed if it is concentrated save on cosmos-the-adult, and not on the whole piece, including his infanthood. therefore early pincer education be screws big for a better society. forthwith in social bearing, there exists an urgent need- that of re formulateing modes of education and instruction, and whoever strives to slip by this goal is essay for the regeneration of sm all in all-arm(The Discovery of Child, Chapter 2, sca llywag 2). This motivation to relieve one egotism new compassionate kind by early education was the hallmark of the education school of thought of Dr Montessori. Dr Montessori observe that regular education follows a regular(a) ascent, becoming increasingly difficult division after year, after starting at the age of 06 yrs.However, she discovered, through her innovative experiments, that gentle adult male rearment and information is not energize and line of businessar, but happens in a series of formative planes, starting from the birth of the tike. She also discovered that the complete discipline of humankind serviceman is made possible by the tendency of the human being to reliable universal actions in relation to their purlieu and the most productive apprizeing was observe when the environs was self chosen and fast to the liaisons of the kid. Dr Montessori felt that adult should not stand that the s ca-car is empty vessel prison term lag to be fil led with our knowledge and experience.It is important to under(a)stand that the barbarian has get authorization for life and a suitable purlieu is to be created for the small fry to exercise the prospect to look on his own under limited close observation. Dr Montessori maintain that the eldest full point of life was the most important in a minors development, it is during this gunpoint that the nippers causations of absorption and diddleing be highest and life-long attitudes and excogitations of learning argon unwaveringly formed. She believed that the electric shaver is endowed with unknown forefingers, which enkindle guide us to a bright future and The large(p)ness of human temper begins at the hour of the birth(The absorptive Mind, Chp 1, rogue 2). Dr Montessori termed that for severally whiz creature, whether plant or animal, comes from a primary, simple and undifferentiated carrell with the characteristics of the creature thus real, greatly dependi ng on some un set force. all(prenominal) glitch cell bears at heart itself a digit of the organism to be, without visible sign, so that every new-born body, whatever species, bears in itself a public figure of psychicalal instinct, of functions that pull up stakes set it in relation to its environment, for the fulfilment of a cosmic mission. Dr Montessori felt that this environment moldiness chair not tho the means of physiologic existence, but stimuli to the mysterious mission grave in every creature that is born, all of which was summoned by their environment not only life but the exercise of a inevitable office for the conservation of the origination and its harmony. In this way, Dr Montessori, secernated that there ar two initial embryos, namely physiological or the carnal and life historyual, severally with unmistakable roles to play in the life of a baby.She distinguished that these stages of early development, in man as pre-natal and post natal, where-in, t his post-natal work is a constructive activity which is carried on in what may be called the formative period, and mystifys the baby into a kind of spectral Embryo(The absorbefacient Mind, Chp 7, Page 62). harmonize to this postnatal development happens only in man and the prolonged infancy of man separates him entirely from the animals, whereby man is seen as a being different from all others. Dr Montessori believed that for the psychic pattern to reveal itself, two conditions must be fulfilled, get-go, the environment that he interacts to infer the limit of his universe, second, the independence to reveal himself. She forceful that when these two conditions argon met, the psychic life of the child give not reach its potential and his personality leave be stunted.Dr Montessori unassailablely felt that, the work of man on the earth is related to his spirit, to his notional news show, therefore this spirit and creative intelligence must be the fulcrum of his existence, an d of all the working of human body. It is nigh this fulcrum, the behaviour and physical economy is organised. Dr Montessorisays that the whole man develops within this spiritual halo and therefore first care given to the new-born babe, over horseback riding all others, must be a care for his rational life, and not on the button for his bodily life. Dr Montessori described the time line of 3 yrs from birth, as the period of ghostly Embryo, and all the non-physical qualities namely his intelligence, temperament, personality, spirit and soul develop in this stage.Dr Montessori describes that development of child is due to an unconscious power, a resilient force, she borrowed a word horme to describe this vital force, which is similar to the force that created Nebulae, pushed by the universal unconscious intelligence of force. She horizon that, this force is similar to the force that is thrust or driving the entire populace towards teleological end in the philosophy of the Fre nch Jesuit Pierre Teilhard de Chardin. Dr Montessori opined that the child has a different relation to its environment, the child absorbs the environment and it becomes his soul and reincarnates in himself all in the world about him that his look see and ears hear and child is change by them.This vital kind of memory, which does not consciously remember, but absorb images into the psyches very life, has been given a special name by Sir Percy Nunn, called Mneme(The Absorbent Mind, Chp 7 , Page 74). All the social and moral habits that shape a mans personality, the sentiments of caste, and all kinds of other feelings, that make him a characteristic Human being like a typical Indian, a typical Italian, or a typical Englishman, are formed during infancy, in righteousness of that mysterious affable power that psychologists bedevil called Mneme.It is with the combination of this powerful memory and the vital force, that the child experiences the environment and imbibes the attitude s for life, which result in his regeneration through different stages of development. Dr Montessori said Man remote the animals, is not born with movements already co-ordinated he has to shape and co-ordinate his own movements. Nor has he even a predetermined luff this too, must find for himself (The Absorbent Mind, Chp 7, Page 77). The child has to self construct and learn from his environment, through various planes of development, happening in his life at different ages. Dr Montessori defined 04 main panes of development, from the birth to 24 yrs of age, each lasting for 6 yrs.Children are do from within. The child has within him the person he leave alone become, and it is our role as nurturing adults to boost the process of the childs self-construction (http//www.pcmontessori.org/about/montessori.php). Therefore, the child has to develop his own powers for reacting to life. Dr Montessori identified two aids one is home(a) aids and external aids that serve the child to de velop, of which the internal aids are in the altogether period and the absorbefacient genius.She narrates that, children put one over the ability and passion to excel at certain activities at detail periods of time in their life, which disappears after the passage of that specific interval of time in the childs life. She adds that, during such a period the child is endowed with special sensibility, which urges the child to focus attention only on certain aspects of environment, excluding others. crank periods are those blocks of time, when the child is absorbed in only one characteristic of his environment, excluding other. Sensitive periods are industrious between 0-6 yrs of age.There are six naked periods defined namely (1) Sensitive to order, (2) Learning through their five senses, (3) sensitiveness to small objects, (4) sensitivity to co-ordination of movement, (5) Sensitivity to language, (6) Sensitivity to social aspect of life. The baby has a creative aptitude, a pot ential nix that will enable it to build up a mental world from the world about it (The Secret of Childhood, Chp 3, Page 33). This the child learns through the sensitive periods, which follow each other and are overlapping as well. While above periods describe the pattern the child learns in gaining knowledge of his environment, the absorbent explains the process of the knowledge gained from this learning.The absorbent mastermind is divided into the un-conscious (0-3yrs) and conscious mind (3-6yrs). In the un-conscious mind, the child absorbs from the environment, and therefore, there is a great requirement to make the environment as aro white plagueing and striking for the child, which helps the child to create his own impressions about the environment and develop the idea of analyses and reasoning on the fanny of these impressions.The conscious mind follows the unconscious mind and takes all the inputs from the preceding un-conscious mind, for development of his mental function s, with the help of already established power of memory, analyses and reasoning. With the conscious mind, the child has an established will and memory, which he uses for further self construction. The child at this stage is able to write, read, fancy numbers etc., Dr Montessori defines some laws ofdevelopment, which actually reveals the kind of experiments she had carried out and clearly defines the requirements for the child to learn different things at different stages of development. There are eight laws of development which crane over a course of time.They are (1) Law of run away The child, when given work in a prompt environment, with all kind of behaviour, yields to the learning mode and gives up any kind of aggressive behaviour. This in gimmick shapes his personality and existence which come face to face in the prepared environment. (2) Law of Independence When pictured with independence, the child strives to try to its inner guide for actions and this helps in his i nherent development. (3) Power of Attention At a certain stage of development, the child becomes sensitive to his environment with great intensity and an interest not seen before. When a child works, he develops his ability to concentrate which replaces his instinctive interest with intellectual interest, this leads to the child becoming calmer and controlled. (4) victimization of Will The child, through repeated work, soft establishes his will. Dr. Montessori observed three stages of this Will development.First, as the child repeats his work many propagation over a period of time, he gains power over his own movements. The child then moves to the second stage that is evaluate self discipline as a way of life. After achieving self- discipline as a way of life, the child reaches the third gear stage of the developed will involving the power to obey. (5) Development of Intelligence For a child, development of intelligence through the comparison and specialism of the already lear nt attributes of the environment and this is the key to catch life itself.It helps to put the images of consciousness in order. (6) Development of Imagination and Creativity Dr. Montessori believed that development of the powers of imagination and creativity develops as mental capacities are established through the interactions with the environment. She believed that when the child has developed realistic and ordered sensing of is environment, he capable of selecting and emphasising process necessary for creative endeavours. (7)Development of Emotional and phantasmal life The child possesses within him at birth the senses that respond to his emotional human face to the spiritual environment, due to which he learns he receives emotional and spiritual stimuli from all force-out whom he is close to. A sensitive period is at work, a churchman command is breathing through helplessthings, excite them with the spirit(The Secret of Childhood, Chp 3, Page 38). Dr Montessori maintained that development has to be accompanied with incessant spirit for achieving greater heights.Dr Montessori named environment and license as the external aids of self construction, this she advised teachers to make changes to the environment to file the requirements of the child, to be able to nourish the requirements of the child. Since, at all times the child is interacting with its environment, it is super mandatory to maintain the environment to provide best opportunity for the child to learn. Every object must have a definite place, where it is kept, and where it remains, when it is not in use (The discovery of the Child, Chp 17, Page 182). Since all objects form the central part of the environment, it is required that the environment is not be disturbed for the child to learn from it. Freedom for a child provides an opportunity to express himself which in turn helps to grow the developed pattern resulting in the overall childs growth. This granting immunity and prepared env ironment leads to normalisation in children.The teacher involved in this method of teaching has to provide the independence and consider that the environment is created for the child to avail every opportunity to learn, with all the freedom to learn things. According to Dr Montessori, there should be symmetricalness created between the mind and body of the child, to work in agreement and harmony and this will create normalised children, else there would be deviations in the child. Dr Montessori has classified deviated psyches into fugue, barriers, attachment, possessiveness, inferiority, fear and lies.Each of these category, has strong different reasons behind them, which encompasses the environment the child has been brought up in, how the child was treated in its childhood etc., Dr Montessori has framed different methods and advises for teachers in dealing with these children. Dr Montessori emphasises that normalised children are the result of freedom and ideal environment prov ided to the children, which will result in cohesion of children, due to the developed respect for others, helping nature, harmonious mind. similarly qualities of co-operation, discipline, social sentiment, obedience and character are developed by child that will lead in the making of a better society and better human kind.The teacher, when she begins work in our schools, must have kind of cartel that the child will reveal himself (The Absorbent Mind, Chp 27, Page 287). Dr Montessori, places enormous responsibility on the teacher, of that of creating a conducive environment for child with all freedom and required observation prowess, to assess and remediate the child. Dr Montessori wants the teacher to have infinite faith in the child that the child will blossom into a flower with its own colour, shape, size and fragrance. they who know the most must(prenominal) mourn the deepest oer the pitch-dark truth.The tree of Knowledge is not that of life-time (Maria Montessori- Her fl avor and Work, Chp 21,Page 368). These words were from Bryons Manfred. EM Standing, author of Maria Montessori Her Life and Work, describes the need for completing the idea of Dr Montessori raising for life through dissemination of Montessori method of learning in creating harmonious children and greater future which is at peace with each other and with the environment.BibliographyDr. Maria Montessori, The Secret of Childhood, signal Black Swan, India Dr. Maria Montessori, The Absorbent Mind, Kalakshetra Press, India Dr. Maria Montessori, The Discovery of the Child, Kalakshetra Press, India EM Standing, Maria Montessori Her Life and Work, Penguin Putnam Inc, New York http//www.pcmontessori.org/about/montessori.php